[ȫâ ö ] 10. Ÿ - The Exclusion of the Other -
ұ ұ Ʈν ʴ ͡
ȫâ ̹ 4 ° ̿. ̹ 5 , ĥ ʾ. ־. <ºұ̻: Ǻұ Ѿ> ǥ ȫ ۿ ٰ ־ ̴. ȫ ǰ Ȱϰ Ǵ ̸ ϸ ǰ ߴܵ Ƽ ĥ ٷȴٰ ؿԴ. ۵ 絵 ö ִ. ٸ ̸ Ѵٰ ȫ .
̹ ̿ غ . ȫâ ϰ ִ Buddhism for Thinkers(ϴ ұ) å é̴. éʹ 1 ε ĥ ѱ۷ ߴ. бⰡ ȫ ð ִ (ȫ ) ־.
<ºұ̻> ȫ Prequel() ǰ , ڵ <ºұ̻> ö ̾ ʿ䰡 ִٰ Ǿ ̹ ؼ <̵״> ̴.
̹ 200 100ſ ̸ 幮 ̴. ȫ <̵״> ڵ <ºұ̻> 뺸 ξ ϰ п ־ Ǿ ö Ǹ ߰ڴٰ ̹ ̷ ߴٰ . ڿ ȭϰ, Ǹ, ̸ ֽô ȫâ ڸ λ縦 帰.
Ÿ() ()
- The Exclusion of the Other -
п ڵ . ڵ , öƽ, , õ, Ǵ ؼ . ڵ ִ 絵 ִ – ͵ ձ ϰ, ٸ ͵ ٸ ϴ. ڵ ٸ. , , ô ٸ ұϰ ΰ ڴ. 츮 װ͵ ڶ ϴµ ƹ . ٸ ̷ ü ڡ ϳ (kind) ұ? 츮 پ ü ?
̷ ̷ο 츮 ϻ ִ. ڵ, , , , , ̵, , ٸ ؼ ϴ ü̶ . öڵ (universal) ؼ ( kind) 縦 Ϸ ߴ. ö (form, ̵) ü Ư ̴ ߴ. ö濡 õ(߾) ϴ ڵ̴. ǽ ڴ õ(߾) ϴ () ڴ. ٸ ڵ鵵 ǰ(replica) DZ ڴ. ڵ, , , ٸ ü鵵 . ̻ڵ ̷ پ ü (chair) ϰ ȴٴ ű ϱ (chair-ness)̶ ߴ. ڵ ӡ ϰ, 츮 縦 Ȯϱ װ͵ ڶ ˾ƺ ȴ.
ڴ ̻ ÿ ȭ()Ǿ ִ (entity) ()ȴ. ҿ ÿ Ѵ. ð ڵ ǥ鿡, Լ, λ 긮 ǿ, ɵ Ѵ. ϼҸ ⸣ 翡 ϼҡ θ ȴ. װ͵ ϼҵ ϼ(cow-ness)̶ ڰ ο ȭǾ ð װ ο ϰ ֱ ̴. ڵ ڵ(car-ness) ڸ ֱ ڵ̴. ٸ ͵鵵 . پ ڵ ()ϴ ΰ ʴ´ٸ װ͵ () ְڴ°? ̷ (the realism of universals) öл Ⱓ ؿ. ش ߴ.
, , ϼӰ ڵ (abstract) (entities)̴. װ͵ ð() ʴ´. ϴ ü(objects) ð ӿ ü Ͽ ִ¡ ڵ(particulars)̴. ٸ ̷ ڵ ð ӿ ִ ڵ ԡ ִ°? ڴ 鿡 ȭȴٰ Ѵ. ȭ(instantiation) ü ΰ̴. ȭ Ӽ и . ȭ 迡 ؼ Ѽұ ִ. ڰ ȭ(ȭ#1)Ǵ ȭ ϰ ִ ȭ ڰ 쿡 ȭ(ȭ#2)DZ ̴. ȭ#2 ϱ ؼ, ȭ ڰ ȭ(ȭ#3)Ǿ Ѵ. ̷ Ѽұ ܳ ȴ. 츮 Ѽұ ܳ Ƶ .
ϳ ˷ ( realism) 缼 ȭ(crowdedness) ̴̽. ڵ п ڵ Ѵٸ ڵ ̿ܿ ߰ ȴ. ڴ 밳 츮 ϴ ִ (predicates) 縦 ϰ ȴ. 츮 , ձ, , ſ, ִ. κ ڵ ϴ ڰ Ѵٰ ϴ´. ϳ ϳ ڰ Ѵٰ ϸ ڵ 缼迡 ŭ ڵ ְ ȴ. ߳ δ. ȭ ٵ ɰϴ. ֳϸ 츮 ̿ ֱ ̴ – , ձ, , , ձ۰ ſ, ձ۰ ¦̴¡ . ̷ 鿡 ϴ μ ڵ ڵ 缼迡 ־ Ѵ. κ öڵ 츮 , 迡 , 鸸 Ҽ ٰ Ѵ.
(٣ Nominalist) ڵ ʰ ϼ ִٰ Ѵ. ڵ̶ 츮 ϴ (predicates) Ǵ ̸(names) ̴. ڵ ڵ ̷ 缼迡 ü ߸ ϰ ü ϴ (real entities)̶ ߸̶ Ѵ. ڵ ڴ ʴ´ٰ Ѵ: 츮 ִ ̶ ڵ ִ (̸) ̴. ذ (٣)̶ Ī ̴. ڵ ʿ ϴ ڵ̴. ̸̱ 缼迡 ϴ ø ʴ´. п ڰ п ȭ(instantiation) . ڵ鿡Դ ȭǾ ڶ .
ڵ ͵ κ ο , ٰ ؼ ƴϴ. ū װ 츮 ڵ, ü, ձ ͵ پ 繰 з ִ° ϴ Ѵٴ ̴. ȿ 繰 ƹ 뼺 ʴٸ 繰 ϳ зǰ, 츮 װ͵ ϳ ̸() θ ֳ? 츮 ƹ ʰ, 繰 Ƿ Բ ϳ Ʒ ͼӽŰ ʴ´. 츮 ݴ 쿡 ϴ 繰鿡 ϴ ΰ ְ װ 츮 Ͽ 繰 쿡 Ѵٰ ϰ ٰ Ѵ. ̷ Ƹ ̴. ڵ 繰 Ӽ ϴ ڸ ν ̷ 츮 Ѵ.
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ұ ħ ٺ ̴. ƺ ⺻ ٸ(dharma) Ӽ(property particular) Ǵ Ʈ(trope) Ѵ. ڴ Ӽ(property type)̹Ƿ ƺ 縦 ʴ´. θ Ű ִٸ, ִ: װ͵̴. ڵ(entities)̴. ٸ Ǵ Ʈμ еǴ ڵ ƹ ڵ ʴ´. ٸ ڵ ̶ θ, ̵ 쿡 ϴ°? ڵ ̷ ͵ ʹ 翬 ̶ ׳ ǽ Ƶ鿩Ѵٰ ؿ ִ. ٽ ϸ, 츮 θ ϳ () ڿ еǰ, ̶ ̳ зȴ. ̰ ǽ Ƶ鿩ϴ ڿ 翬 (brute fact of the nature)̴.
ǽ Ƶ鿩Ѵٰ ϴ ִ. ڵ ̷ 忡 ̴. ұ ڵ ǥǴ 繰 ̿ ϴ ̴ Ư ϴ Ǵ ؼ ִ ״. ұ ڵ ڵ ϸ Ϲ ȣϰ ϴ ̰ڴ. (Ӽڵ ٸ ڵ ϰ 繰 ()ϴٰ ϴ ºڵ 翬 繰 ִٴ 縦 Ƶ ʴ´. Ϻ ڵ ѹ ư ñ ߱ϴµ ־ 뼺 ʴ´.) м ̻а ɸö ǵ ұ ȭų ִٰ ϱ ̵ ǵ ұ 籸 ڴ.
ڵ ұ ڵ鵵 ڵ 缺 ϰ ſ ڵ鸸 Ѵٰ Ѵ. ұ ڵ ڽŵ ϴ 缼谡 ڵ ϴ 缼躸 ܼϰ ʾ ̷ (lighter) ̰ ȿ 缼踦 ִٰ Ѵ. ڵ װ͵ Ű Ӽ(first-order properties) ƴ϶ ̷ Ӽ տ Ӽ(second-order properties) ƾ Ѵٴ ĥ ̴. Ӽ鿡 м ڵ δ (second-order concepts) Ǵ þ(convenient designators) ̸ Ұ ̶ ̰ڴ. ݲ ڵ ڵ ϳ 쿡 ϸ硯 ̷ ڵ ϳ (̸) Ҹ ϴ ؼ ̰͵ п ̰ڴ.
ڵ ʴ´ٴ ұ ̴. ( ũ ô 2007 ö ұ(Buddhism as Philosophy) ִ ұ ̴.) ؿ پ ϰڴ:
1. ڵ Ѵٸ װ͵ ϴ.
2. ͵ Һ ̴.
3. Ѵ(real) ΰ ȿ ִ(causally efficacious) ̴.
4. ΰ ȿ ִٴ Ư ϴ ̴.
5. Һϴ ٸ ƴϰ Ư Ѵٴ ġ ʴ´.
6. ͵ ΰ ȿ .
Ƿ, ϴ ʴ.
Ƿ, ڵ ʴ´.
ڵ Ѵٸ װ͵ ﰢ, , , , ϼҸ ϼ̰ ϴ ϼ(cow-ness), ڸ ̰ ϴ (chair-ness) ̰ ϴ ̴. 繰, , ϼҵ, ڵ ̷ ڵ ȭȴٰ ϴ ҵ Ư ð Ѵ. ݸ鿡 ڵ Ư ̳ ð ʰ Ѵ. ٽ ϸ ڵ ð ӵ ʴ ڵ̴. ڵ ð ʱ, ڵ Ѵٸ, װ͵ ϴ. Ѵٸ ƴϱ ڵ ҺѴ. ﰢ ڰ Ͽ 簢 ڰ ȴٸ ﰢ ڴ ̻ ʰ Ǿ ʰ ȴ.
3 ϴ ΰ ȿ ִٴ ̶͡ ؿ öڵ鵵 Ѵ. ϱ ؼ ΰ ȭ ־ Ѵ. ȿ ־ Ѵ. ٸ װ 츮 缼迡 ƹ ΰ ҵ ŵǾ δ㽺 ̴. ̷ Ҵ 츮 缼 Ƶ ʿ䰡 . Ѵٴ ΰ ٴ ̴. ΰ ڵ , ð 쿬(contingent) ̴. ΰ Ư ð Ư ȴ.
ڰ ִٸ Һ ̴. Һ ϰ ΰ ȿ ִٸ װ ٸ ƴ ٴ Ұ ̴. ð ϼ ϼ ϴ Ӿ ΰ ȿ Ѵ. ϼ ΰ ȿ̶ װ ǥ װ Է ų, ų, װ ϰ ִ ־ ٸ 繰 װ о ų, ĸ ݻϴ ִ. ϼ μٸ ϼ ΰ ȿ Բ ϼ 絵 . Һ Ѵٸ, װ ΰ ȿ Ӿ ϸ ؾ߸ Ѵ. ̷ ʴ´. Һ ȿ ڴµ, 쿡 Һ ΰ ȿ° Բ װ ü ȴ. ̷ 츮 ͵ ΰ ȿ ٰ Ƶ鿩Ѵ. ϴ ͵ ʴ. ڴ . ̰ ڵ 縦 ݴϴ ұ ̴.
̷ ұ 6 ε ߴ Ʒ(Apoha theory) ã´. (aphoa) Ÿ (the exclusion of the other) Ѵ. ұڵ ڸ ʰ 츮 繰 ϰ (̸) 繰 зϴ ߴ. 츮 ұа Ʒ ϴµ ̴. DZ ̵ ɹߴ ȴٰ Ⱓ ̾߱Ǿ Դ. ֱ ǸԵ DZ ̵ ɹߴ ٰ Ѵ. ٸ ü ϰ Ƽ θ ڽĵ ̺ ǰθ Ű°? ΰ? (essence) ΰ? ̰ ٺ ̷ ڿ ö ̴. ϱ ʴ.
14 ֵ Ⱓ DZ⸦ ִ. Ƴ ̵ ǰθ ߾. Ǵ ʾҰ DZ ÿ ߴ. ̾. 츮 ħ ٰ ־. 츮 DZ ٺ ̶ , ̳ Ʈ ؼ , Ǵ ٺ ⺸ DZ ̵鿡 ϴٴ ˾Ҵ. 츮 ̷ ϳϳ , ִ ٷ DZ̾. 츮 鿡 DZ ƯȰ ٴ ˰ Ǿ DZ ߴ. ٸ 鵵 ִ. ̵鿡 ̼, б, Ȱ ̴.
ᱹ 츮 µ ־ Ը ʿ䰡 . 츮 ʿߴ ٸ ϰ ٷ װ̾. 츮 õ 쿬 ұڵ ſ ߴ. ڷ ٲ ̾߱⸦ Ǯ ̷ο ߰ ̴. 츮 ڡ θ 繰 ִ. ̵ , öƽ, õ, , ٸ ִ. ڵ ̴. ̷ û پ缺 ұϰ 繰 ̴. ٸ ڵ ΰ? ڰ ϴ ü ϴ ִ . (function) ڰ ϴ ̶ ڴ. 繰 ϰ ִ 繰 ڶ ̴. ڷ Դ. 츮 縦 ϴ ұڵ Ƴ . ٸ ڵ ϴ ᱹ ڡ ̸̶ ̴. 츮 ڡ Ҹ ü鿡 Ǵ ϴ ͵ ã . 츮 ϰ ִ ϴ ڵ ߴ ٷ : پ ڵ ڶ ϳ 繰 ڡ Ҹ°?
ұڵ Ʒ 濡 ߷ȴ ִ. ̵ DZ ̾߱⸦ غ. DZ , ٸ ƯȰ Ŀ DZ ˾Ҵ. ̰ ٷ DZ . ̿ ϰ ұڵ Ʒп ٰϿ ڿ 鿡 ̴: 繰 ڶ ϳ 繰 ڰ ƴ ƴϱ ̴(they are all not non-chairs). ⼭ ڵ ̳ 簡 ʾҴ. Ʒ ̰͵ ʴ´. ڰ ƴ 繰 繰 ڵ̶ ϳ Ѵ. (chair-ness)̶ ڰ پ 繰 ڡ Ҹ° ǹ ұ Ÿ (the exclusion of the other, )̴. ö å, , ΰ Ӹ ƴ϶ ϼҵ, , , (gold) ڿ鿡 ȴ. ϼҵ ϼҰ ƴ ƴϱ ϼ ǰ, װ ƴ ƴϱ ̴.
Ÿ ̿ ش ݿ ұ ߿ ΰ ̴. ڵ ϳ еǰ, 츮 ڵ, ϼҵ, ݰ ϳ ̸ θٴ ϱ ڵ ̻ ǽ 翬 (brute fact) ŷ ʿ䰡 Ǿ. ڵ ڵ鿡 ξ ִ: پ 繰 ϳ տ ϴ װ͵ ڸ ʴ װ͵ Ȱ ٸ ͵ Ѵ. ƴ ڵ տ ϱ ϳ Ѵ. ϼ ϼ̶ Ҹ ̰͵ ϼ ƴ ƴϱ ̴. ڵ ڵ ƴ ƴϱ ڵ̴.
Ƹ ڵ ̷ ұڵ ִٰ ڴ. 츮 켱 ϴ ڸ ʰ տ ڰ ƴ ͵ ִ°? ұ ȯ ϴ ƴѰ? ұڵ ߿ ι ϳ ٸŰƼ(Dharmakirti) 츮 繰 ϴ ϸ鼭 繰 ϳ Ѵٰ Ѵ: 츮 ִ Ѵ. ̷ ǵ ϴ 츮 屸 屸 ϴ ǵ Ѵ. 츮 پ ̷ ǵ ִ پ Ḧ ϰ ̿ . 츮 ̷ ǵ ü Īϱ װ͵ ڵ顱̶ θ. 츮 캻 ڵ 縦 ϴ ұڵ ó 츮鵵 ڷ ڵ ʰ ִٴ Ѵ. 츮 츮 屸 ʿ並 Ű ǵ Ѵ. · 츮 ִ ϴϱ. ڰ ƴ ǵ 츮 䱸 ϰ, ̰ ٷ 츮 ڵ տ ڰ ƴ ͵ ϴ ̸ ̴. Ÿ ϴ տ ų ִ. Ÿ ̷ ڿ̳ ΰ θ 繰 ȴٰ ұ ڵ Ѵ.
־ ü ڶ (kind) Ӽ( ) ƴϴ. ڴ ʴ´. ̷ ü ȿ뼺–츮 屸 ȿ뼺– װ͵ . 츮 ʿ 屸 ̷ ұ鿡Դ 츮 缼迡 ϴ ƴ϶ ȯ( ȯ illusion) Ұϴ. ̷ ұ ִ. 츮 ڡ θ ü 츮 ɾ ִ ȿ ڷ ִ. 츮 ߿ ܿ£ ϰ Ϸ װ͵ ȭο ¿ٸ װ͵ (combustible materials) ̿ǰ ȴ. ȴ. 츮 װ͵ Ƽ ִµ, ٸ װ͵ 簡 ȴ. ڵ ĥ Ѵٸ װ͵ ε ȴ. ٸ 뵵 ִ. ü ٸ ϰ ϴ 츮 屸, ʿ, ǿ ɻ̴. 츮 ǿ 缼迡 ڵ â ƴϴ. þ⸸ ϴ 츮 ǿ 屸 ο ڵ Ӿ â ٸ 츮 缼 ص ̴.
ݱ ε ڵ (Dinnaga) ٸŰƼ(Dharmakirti) ظ 鼭 ұ а Դ. м̻а ɸöп Ǹ ұ ؼϰ ãƺڴ. 츮 Ű ʾҴ Ӽ() ٹ õ ڴ. Ӽ() Ǵ þ Ұϸ صǰ Ǿ Ѵٴ ̰ڴ. Ӽ鿡 м 츮 ( kind) ϰ ڿ ȯ ϰ Ǵ ϰ, ڶ ȯ ü ش. ұ ̷ ϴ δ ڵ ̰ ڵ ־ ٸ ҵ ƹ Ӽ ʴ´ٴ ִ. ̷ ʷ ϰڴ.
Ӽ() ٹ Ұϰ װ ұ ȯ ڴ. D Ӽ ()̶ . 츮 Ӽ ִ:
F D Ӽ̴ = () F Dȿ ִ Ӽ P Ӽ̴. ̶ S(P) ϴµ, S D ҵ鿡 θû̴.
ȭ鿡 ־ ̶ Ӽ {, , Ķ}̶ Ӽ տ Ӽ̴. ־ () ִ ϳ ִٸ ϳ ִ ̴. ̶ װ͵ ٸ ٸ ϳ ٰ õȴ.
( heat), , (functional) Ӽ μ S ΰ/Ģ ϴ Ӽ Ӽ κ ̷:
F D Ӽ̴ = () F D ҵ õ ΰ/Ģ 踦 ϴ θû S ǵ D Ӽ̴.
{ , , Įθ, ...} Ӽ ο ǵ Ӽ̴. , , Ǵ ϴ , װ ̰ ϰ ϸ ī ϸ װ ̶ õȴ.
() Ӽ ұ ؼ ô öڵ鿡Դ ظ ְ ִ. () Ӽ ó ʴ´ٰ ؾ Ѵٰ Ѵ. Ӽ̶ δ 츮 ־ Ӽ տ Ӽ ϴ , ܾ, Ǵ þ ̴. 䡯 ش ٸ ϰ ִ. Ӽ M ´ٴ װ ־ ȿ M ΰ ϴ Ӽ ´ٴ , M ϴ ΰ θû Ű Ӽ ´ٴ ̴. 츮 ⼭ ο Ӽ(!) 缼迡 ҷ ƴϴ. ֳϸ 츮 ־ Ӽ ο ܼ ۾ ν 츮 缼踦 ȭų ̴. M ´ٴ װ M ȭ Ǵ Ű M Ӽ ϳ ´ٴ ̴. 쿡 M Ű Ӽ ϳ ִٴ ̿ܿ ٸ . M ü ϴ ڷμ Ӽ(property)μ . 츮 Ӽ ϱ⺸ٴ () Ӽ鿡 þ Ǵ ٲپ ؾ Ѵ.
ƽԵ ظ ؼ ɼ Ͻøϰ ڽ Ƹڷ ư. Ǹ ̶ ʴ´. ̷ο ظ ؼؾ Ѵٰ Ѵ. þ װ Ű (Ӽ ջ ƴ϶) ̿ 鿡 ִٰ Ѵ. ڡ þ Ǵ ־ Ȳ پ ڵ ش. þ ǽ ϳϳ θ, ȿ ִ ȣȭ ڵ, Ŀ õ ձ ڵ, ϱ ڵ ϴµ ȴ. Ǵ þ 쿡 ǵ . ̷ õǴ װ͵ þ õǴµ ʴ´ٴ ϰ ƹ ( real) ʴ. ö å, , л, , ٸ Ǵ þ鿡 شȴ. () Ӽ Ϸ ߴ źϱ ƴ. 츮 ƯĪȭ(existential quantification) ܼ ۾ ο Ӽ â ̴. Ѵٸ ڰ Ӽ δ 츮 ϻ Ǵ , þ, Ǵ ֵǴ ڴ. ̳ þ ü ΰ ȿ 缼迡 װ͵ ڸ .
Ų ذ ұ ȿ ϸ ư ȭ ̰ڴ.
1. Ʋ ϳ ȴٰ ̸ ʴ´ٰ . װ ƴ Ʋ , ιƮ 罺, Ǵ ڳʸ ְڴ. ƲΡ̶ ǥ ϴ ̰ Ʋ ų Ǵ ̸ ִ ܾ. 츮 ⼭ Ʋ Ʋ ϴ ƴ϶ ؾ Ѵ. ƲΡ ϳ ִ ܾ Ǵ þ. ƲΡ̶ þ ο ʴ´.
츮 츮 ɰ Ѱ迡 Ѵ. 츮 ϻȰ ʿ並 ϰ ǥ ϱ ܾ ȴ. ƲΡ̶ ܾ 츮 ϻ ־ ȿ ִ ϰ ش. ܾ 츮 ǿ 䱸 ν 뼺 Ѵ. ̷ (kind) Ÿ ܾ 簡 ڵ鵵 Ե ؾ߸ Ѵٴ Ŷ ϱ Ѵ. 츮 ̹ ұڵ 캸Ұ ̷ κ θ ִ. 츮 , ιƮ 罺, ڳʸ (ު)Ʋ ƴϱ 쿡 Ѵٴ ִ.
2. 츮 ǿ ٸ 캸 . ȭ鿡Դ , Ķ, (primary colors)̴. ϴ ϴ°? . ־ 쿡 ϳ ִ ܾ Ǵ Ī. 츮 ϴ ڷμ ʿ ʴ´. ƴ϶ Ѵ. 츮 , ־ 쿡 Ӽ ũ, , ȫ, Ȳ ٸ ä(shades) ִ ܾ صǾ ָؾ Ѵ. ´ٴ ̷ ä ϳ ´ٴ ̰, ̶ ܾ 쿡 ٸ ä ϳ ϰ ش. , þ Ǵ ϱ ̴. ϴ ڰ ƴϴ. ̾ ȴٰ Ѵ. ũ, , ȫ, Ȳ Ӽ ̹ ܾ鵵 ܾ صǾ Ѵ. 츮 ̷ Ӽ(ڵ) ̿ Ǵ ӵ ִ. 츮 ڰ δ ܼ ܾ Ǵ ̸ Ȯ ش; ڴ 迡 ϸ鼭 ΰ ȭ ϴ (real entities) ƴϴ. ᱹ 츮 (缼) ڵ鸸 ȴ.
3. ٸ ʵ ü ߸ ְ ̵ ΰ ؿ Ҹ. ʵ ΰ 츮 屸 ֱ پ ʵ鿡 ؿ ̸( ܾ) ϴ. ŸϷ ֵ ٸ ȭй ȴ. پ ȭй ϱ ΰ Ҹ. ̿ ִ ٸ ִ. 츮 ɻ翡 繰 , 쿡 ̸ ̸, ̸ ϴ ڰ ؾ߸ Ѵٰ ߸ ϰ Ǵ 츮 ߴ ϳ̴. 츮 ݱ Ƿκ иϰ, ؿ, , 缼迡 װ͵鿡 ϴ ڸ ܾ Ǵ þμ صǾ Ѵ. 츮 پ ؿ ϰ ִ װ͵ ü ߸ Ͽ ʴ´ٴ ٽ ؾ Ѵ. ü ʴ´ٴ δ. װ͵ ؿ̰Բ ִ – ̻ Ư ʴ´. 츮 ִ þ ڰ ƴϴ.
츮 ݱ ұ װ ·μ Ӹ ƴ϶ )ε ǰ Ҵ. ұ κ ִ ö ư 츮 Ǹ . ù°, ұ ִ ̿ϸ ִ. ұ ߱Ѵ. ڵ , , ñ ǥ. ̶ ΰ? θ Ƶ鿩 () ڸ, ұ ̴. ٷ ұ ݿϰ ִ. ŵ ̴; װ ( negative) Ӽ ƹ ͵ ʴ ̴. (ե blissful joy) ( positive) Ӽ 켼ϰ ϴ ° ƴϴ. Ȥڵ ν ϰ ¿ ӹ Ϳ ȤǾ ͵ ̴. ̰ ȹ ϴ ߸ ̴. ̷ ɸ ¿ 屸 ϰ ִ. ֳϸ ̷ 屸 ٺ Ұϰ ( µ鿡 ) ʷϱ ̴. ȿ Ѵٴ Ӽε ǥǾ ȴ – ֳϸ ݿ ̴! ϰ Һ Ǵ ü ǥϴ ִ ̴. ״ () ħ ܶ ϱ Ѵ. ̷ ǥ θ Ǵ(only technically correct). ֳϸ ΰ ϴ ° ƴ϶ (ұ ) ƹ ʴ ̱ ̴. δ, θ, ʴ´. ݿ ̷ ǥ ڵ ؼ Һ Ӽ(ڼ) Ǵ ¶ ߸ ϰ ִ. ̰ ݿ ٺ (ު)ұ ̴. װ ־ ƴ϶ װ װκ ϱ(exclude) ̴. ұ п ־ Ÿ Ϸ ش. ٰ ؼ ٸ ƹ ͵ ʴ´ٴ ƴϴ. ٸ ͵ 簡 ƴ϶ ̴. ذ ⸦ ٶ.
츮 ε ູ ط װ ұ Ʒ . Ƹڷ ö ٰ 츮 ñ ǥ ̶ູ ߴ. 츮 ູϱ Ѵ. Ƹڷ ູ ɼ ̶ ߴ. Ƹڷ ϴ ɼ̶ ü ɼ̰ 츮 װ ִ°? ̿ 亯 ó Ư Ȳ ־ Ѵ. ٸ ɼ ϴ پ ٵ, ϳ Ϲ Ģ ǥϱ Ұϴ. ̷ 鿡 Ƹڷ ູ Ǵ 츮 ִ ٰ . ұ κ Ƹڷ ູ 츮 Ͽ ̶ູ Һи ġ ϰ ־ 鿡 ɼ ִٴ ָǾ Ѵ. ̿ʹ ̷ ̻() ڵ 鿡 ູ ⸦ ġ ʴ´. ұ , ڸ, Ÿ ұ Ʈν ʴ ̴(not to become unhappy). ǥ ν Ǵ ƴ϶ Ž(craving) (hatred) ġ(ignorance) Ư μ ̷. 츮 ô Ƹڷڶ ο Ǹ õ ϰڴ: ̶ ̴. ް ʴٸ ʴ; , ູϰų Ǵ ּ ׳ . ̰ ǥ̰, ູ Ѵ. ̰̾߸ ұ 츮 ִ ϰ ̴.
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б öа п . ̱ б п öа . öйڻ. ̱ ̳Ÿָб öа . cshongmnstate@hotmail.com
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б ڻа п . ̱ ũб п öа . öйڻ. ̱ ̳Ÿָб öа .