[ȫâ ö ] 9. ºұ̻-Ǻұ Ѿ-
", Ҽ, , ü ƴ Ǵ ɼ .
Ǵ ɼ ()ϴ Ӽμ ƴ϶ Ǵ ܾθ ."
̹ ȫâ ö̾߱⡯ ºұ̻С̴. 80 з ۷ ö ſ ϰ ־ оⰡ ̵ ִ ̴. ȫ ̹ ۿ ºұ ұ ʱұ ڵ Ǻұڵκ ϸ, ư Ҽ ұĿ ԵǾ ϰ ̷ õߴ. ϱ ȸұ ȭ ̴. Ǻұ Ѿ غϴ Ϸ õ ̴ ۷, ȫ ֱ мö ϸ Ų ̷ ̿ϸ鼭 ºұ ұ (nominalism) ؼϰ ִ. ȫ ټ ־ ڵ ֽ ȴٴ 嵵 ɽ ؿԴ. ʾ ̷ м ۼ ̱ Ϻ ǥ ȹ ֱ , ѱ ڽ ظ ǥϰ ;ٰ ȫ ߴ. <̵״> ǥֽ ȫ Բ 帰.
ºұ Ҽ() (ڦ) ظ (٣ nominalism) ؼؼ ״ ħ ( anatman non-self) ( pratitya-samutpada dependent arising) 弱 ִ صǾ δ. ̸ ڴ м̻п õ (second-order concept) Ǵ þ(second-order designator) Ҽ ü() ̻ () ǰ ̳ ̸θ ƾ Ѵ. ұ ֿ 鿡 ؼ 鿡 Ϻ Ǻұ ݴ ö غ Ѿ ִ. ()ұ ()ұ ״ ϰ ħ ϴ ؼ ȿ ̷ ѱ ұ ̻() ȸ()ұ ϴµ () Ѵ.
Ӽ
ִ å Ǿ ִ. κ 簢 ̰ ٸ Ƽ ִ. Ǿ ־ ̰ £ ĥ ִ. ۰ ū . ̰ å ǽ ʴ´. ̷ ϻ 迡 ö̰ ұ . å å̵ ִ Ӽ å ( essence Ǵ ڼ()) ϱ?
ƴ϶ öƽ̳ ݼ ־ ̰ å̴. κ Ÿ̰ų ٸ Ǵ ټ̾ å̴. ƴ϶ 볪 ̰ ƴ϶ ̾ å å̴. ˷ī ߿ ձ å ִ. ̿ ᳪ å Ӽ ʴ´. å å̰Բ ٱ? - װ å ϴ (function) ̴. ڸ 츮 å а ۾ ϴµ ϰ ϴ å̴. װ ̳ Ǵ 츮 ϴ ̷ å ϴ ü å ȴ. ö ڸ, 츮 å Ӽ(functional property) å Ѵٰ Ѵ.
ϴ Ӽ Ӽ̶ ϴ öڵ 츮 ϻ ϴ ͵ Ӽ صȴ. ۾ϰ ִ ǻ, ִ , ִ ð, , ڵ, , ΰ ͵ 츮 װ͵ Ѵ. ̷ ΰ (artificial kinds) Ӹ ƴ϶ , , , , ȣ ڿ ܳ (natural kinds) ٺ װ͵ ΰ (causal function) Ӽ ȴ. ҳ ڵ ڵ ȣۿϸ鼭 ΰ Ǵ ΰ (causal function or causal potentials) صDZ ̴. ̿ Ǵ Ӽ 츮 ̵ (function) 迡 ϴ (essence) Ǵ ڼ( svabhava)̶ () Ƶδ. ɿ ܾ Ѵٰ ؼ 缼迡 ϴ ڰ ־ Ѵٰ ϴ üȭ Ǵ ȭ( reification) ϴ ̴. ִ.
ù°, տ ִ Ǿ ִ 츮 ġ ʴ åμ ִٰ å Ӽ ״ äε å ƴ ٸ üμ ִ. ġ ū ̰ ٸ ĥ ٸ ü ̻ å ƴ϶ Ѵ. ߿ ܿ£ ̰ ӿ ־ ¿ ٸ ü ᰡ ȴ. å ٸ ̰ ϳ ᰡ ȴ. ̿ տ ü ִ ġ ʴ Ǵ ڼ()̶ . ̷ ü Ǵ ڼ ù° .
ö ߿ ° ݿ ȸ() õǾ ִ. å(desk)̶ θ £ 簢 ü ִ Ư ˷ī å(desk)̶ θ ձ üʹ Ӽ 繵 ٸ. ڴ Ұ(combustible)ؼ 쿡 ڴ , ڴ ߰ſ ÷ Դ ε ڴ . ̷ å зŰ Ӽ ü ü Ѵٰ ƴ. 츮 ӿ ִ å 뵵 ߾ ü ãƳų 츮 ü å̶ θٰ ڿ ̴. Ǵ Ӽ 迡 ϴ Ӽ Ǵ ڼ() ƴ϶ 츮 츮 зϱ ϴ Ǵ ܾ Ұϴٰ Ǵٰ δ.
츮 ϴ ( disposition) Ǵ ɼ(potential) Ӽ صȴ. Ұɼ(combustibility)̶ װ ª ð ҿ ް ϴ ȭй ų ִٴ ɼ Ѵ. ָ, , ź, , õ, , ٸ (element) ڱ پ Ұϱ ͵鿡 Ұɼ ħ ִ 밡 ʴ´. ()ɼ ᱹ 츮 츮 ִ зϱ ϴ ϳ Ǵ ܾ ƾ Ѵ. (disposition) . ִ ؿ(antipyretic) Ǵ ڱ ȭй ִ ̶ 츮 信 մϱ 쿡 ϴ зȴ. ̿ ̳ ɼ Ӽ صǰ, ߵ 缼迡 ִٰ ٴ 츮 Ǵ ܾ Ұϴٰ Ǵ. ٽ ̳ ɼ ü 迡 ϴ Һ Ӽ ƴ϶ 츮 ̳ ܾμ ϴ ǰڴ.
Ϻ ʱұ ڵ Ǻұڵ (ު)ұ̶ ϴ, κ Ե ƽþ ºұ Ҽ( Buddha-Nature) ũ ص ְڴ. (1) Ҽ ִ Һ Ǵ ڼ() ̴. ó ϴ ̴. ̷ ؼ ״ () () ħ ߳ Ǿ . (2) Ҽ ִ ɼ Ǵ ⡯ ؾ Ѵٰ Ѵ. ؼ ( tathagata-garbha Buddha-embryo Ǵ the womb of the thus-come-one)̶ 信 ٰ Ѵ. Ҽ()̶ ִ ( disposition)̳ ɼ(potential) صǾ Ѵ.
츮 ̳ ɼ̶ Ӽ صǴµ ̶ δ 迡 ϴ Ӽ ƴ϶ 츮 Ǵ ܾ Ұϴٰ ߴ. Ҽ ̳ ɼ ؼؾ Ѵٰ ϸ Ҽ̶ ᱹ 迡 ϴ μ Ӽ Īϴ ƴ϶ 츮 ̳ ܾ Ұϴٰ Ϸ Ѵ. ºұ̻ Ϻ ʱұ ڵ̳ Ǻұڵ ϴ ü() Ǵ ()μ Ҽ 縦 ʿ䰡 ̷ Ѵ. ؿ Ǹ ϰڴ.
þ(second-order designator)μ Ҽ
ö 츮 迡 ﰢ̶ ŵ õ(߾) ̷ ﰢ ()Ѵٰ ߴ. 鼭 츮 ﰢ̶ õ ﰢ ҿ ǰ Ұϴٰ ߴ. ( universal) ( realism) ε, Һ ü ̻ 縦 ϴ ö ش () () () ħ Ǿ ұ Ƶ . öڵ ɼ ö̳ Ƹڷ ó ϸ װ͵ 迡 Ѵٰ ϴ 鵵 , ̷ ұ ؿ (٣ nominalism) ָ ް ִ. ڷμ , , ɼ ̸ Ұ װ͵ 迡 ϴ ƴ϶ . ϴ (Occams Razor, the principle of lightness) ϱ ϴ.
Ӽ Ǵ þ ƾ ϴ ö 캸ڴ. ̱ ķ â̴. ִ ȭ ĺ ִµ, ̰ ̱ ĺ ȴ١ ߴٰ . ġ ü ĺ ̸ . ̱ ĺ , Ŭ, ũ, ε Ʈ ۿ ٰ Ѵٸ, ȴٴ ĺ ̴. ⼭ ָϰ ϴ ٴ ̱ ĺ ĺʹ ϴ ΰ ϴ ̴. { , Ŭ, ũ, ε Ʈ} Ұ ƴϰ ĺʹ ϴ ̱ ĺ ִ°? - . ִٸ ټ ĺ ־ ϴµ δ ۿ , ̱ ĺ ڰ ƴϴ. ̱ ĺ ǥ ȿ ϴ ĺ ̴. ̱ ĺ þ ũ ũ ϴ () þʹ ٸ þ̴. ڸ ̱ ĺ ǥ Īϴ þ(first-order designator) ƴ϶ տ ĺ 츶 ϰ ִ () þ(second-order designator) ƾ Ѵ. ˰ ִ ĺ Ŭ̶ ̱ ĺ þ Ŭ ̰, װ ˰ ִ ε Ʈ þ Ʈ Ѵ.
ö ֽȸ '' ġ ΰ .
(primary color) ȴ. ȭ鿡 ̶ ܾ ϳ ϴ ƴ϶ , , Ķ ϳ ϴ þ. ̶ ϳ . ̶ ô , ϴ ⺸ٴ ̶ ܾ , , Ķ ϳ ˸° ϴ þ մ ̴. ڸ, ϴ ̶ ܾ ٸ ϳ ̶ ƴϴ. ̱ ĺ ǥ .
å, , װ͵ ϴ ü ̶ ͵鿡 ȴ. å̶ տ ִ å, ˷ī ִ å, ȭε Ǹ å Ǵ ƶ ־ ϰ ȴ. ̷ å鿡 Ӽ , å̶ ϴ Ӽ . å̶ 츮 츮 ̸, 츮 信 شǴ ü ü å̶ ̴. å̶ ǥ þ̴. å ð() ڰ ƴϴ. ̷ Ǵ þ ϴ ɼ ״ ȴ. ɼ ǥϴ ܾ װ͵ ϴ δ ɼ ִ ٸ 븦 ִ þ ̴. ִ 鼺(dormitivity) ǰ ڳ Ǵ ̶̾ ȭй ȴ. 鼺̶ ܾ ϴ 鼺 ־ ϰ ִ ȭй ȴ. ؿ ߿ ǸŵǴ ֵ̳ ŸϷ ٸ ȭй ִµ, װ͵ 밡 Ǵ ȭоǰ ؿ ȴ. 鼺 ؿ̶ ܾ Ӽ 缼迡 ִ ƴϰ 鼺 ؿ ִ ִ þ صǾ Ѵ. ̳ ɼ Ӽ δ 缼迡 ϴ ƴϰ Ǵ þ ̴. ̰ ȣϴ Ӽ鿡 (٣ nominalism) ̴. Ҽ ڴ.
Ҽ Ǵ ɼ ؾ Ѵٰ ߴ. ħ ұ ȿ Ҽ Һ Ǵ ڼ ص ̴. ұ 塯 Ҽ̶ 信 شǴ 缼迡 ʴ´. 츮 塱 Ҽ̶ Ҽ̶ ɼ ִ ٸ 븦 ϴ þ ϰ ̶ Ѵ. ɼ Ǵ ⡯μ ̳ Ҽ 밡 ִ 캸 Ѵ.
ڿа ߴ 21 츮 ΰ νİ õ ְϴ ǽ 밡 (brain) Ǵ ̶ ϴ´. ɼ Ǵ ⡯μ ̳ Ҽ ִ ǥϴ Ǵ þ ְڴ. ɸöа ڿ 츮 ְ ֵ, ۿ õ ٸ ʴ´. ƴ϶ ϴٴ ° پ ܰε ٸ и ̴. , ɼ ϴ ʴ´. Ҽ̳ 塱̶ ٸ 븦 ־ Ȳ ϰ ϱ ϴ þ ̴. Ҽ̳ 塱̶ 븦 ϱ ٰ ؼ 缼迡 鿡 شǴ ġ ʴ ̳ Ӽ ϴ ƴϴ. Ҽ ڼ ڰ ƴϴ. װ͵ ̱ ĺ 쿡 ٸ ϴ Ǵ þθ صǾ Ѵ. 츮 Ҽ 밡 Ǵ ڼ ϴ Ϻημ () صǾ ̹ ˰ ִ. ᱹ 塱̳ Ҽ̶ ̳ Ҽ ִ (Ǵ ) ٸ (() ) ִ þ̴. Ҽ ̷ ؼ Ҽ ״ ħ 弱 ص ش.
21 ö ַ ǿ ʴ ̵ ұ ǰ ƴ϶ θ ϴ ̿( dualism)̶ 忡 ݴ ְڴ. ״ٴ ΰ縦 ( Five Aggregates)ε ư, Ӽ(property trope)μ ٸ(dharma ) 缼 ⺻ ƺе ()(anti-physicalism) ص ִ. 縦 ʿ ķ ݹ ش̴. ұ ̿ е 츮 ģϴ. ̷ е鿡 Ǵ ɼμ Ҽ 鿡 Һ Ӽ Ǵ ڼ 縦 ϴ ƴϴ. ⼭ ٿ Ҽ 塱̶ ܾ ٸ ð ȭϴ ɽ() Ǵ ǽ ٸ (state) ƶ ִ þ ǰڴ. ̷ µ ϴµ ִ ¿ ϰڴ. ()̳ ٸ ǽ µ ȿ ɷ ־ ڼ() Ῡ ä () ۿ . ̿ ºұ Ҽ (٣) Ѵٸ Ҽ ķл ƴ϶ ʱұ ƺп ؼ ִ. ֳϸ Ҽ ɸ ʴ ڰ ƴϸ Ҽ̶ Ҽ ִ ɽ() 븦 ϴ ܾ Ұϴٰ Ǵϰ DZ ̴. 밡 ̵ ٸ̵ ƴϸ ǽ ̵ . õǴ ° پ ɽ ٸ ڵ ϸ () äθ Ѵ. ̿ ̿ ϰ ִ ºұ̻ () ұ ƴ ұ Ŀ Ҽ ̷ ڿ Ƶ鿩 ִ ö 븦 Ѵٰ Ѵ. Ҽ ٸ ĵ ȭ ħ ü õǰ dzϰ ̴.
Ҽ 塱̶ ᱹ 鿡 ־ ɽ ° پ ϴ ̸ܾ, پ ȿ ϰ ־ ڼ() Ῡ ä () ʿ䰡 ڴ. ºұ̻ ħ 弱 ִ صǾ ϸ, ºұ 塯 Ǵ Ҽ̶ ܼȭ پ ɽ 쿡 ְ ִ ġ ߰ ϰ ִٰ Ǵ ()ϰڴ. ⼭ ġ ұ ڻ (۰) ǰڱ ̴. ݸ鿡 θ þ Ǵ μ Ҽ ġ װ͵ ̻ ()ϴ Һ Īϰ ִٰ üȭ Ǵ ȭ(reification) ϴ ̴.
ºұ ĵ ȭ ִٰ Ѵ. İ ƴϸ, Ϻ ĵ 츮 ϰ ſ ұ μ Ҽ ұ ܽѾ Ѵٴ Ϻ 忡 ݴѴ. Ǻұڵ ǡ â̰ Ǽ ̶⺸ٴ ı ̴ 쵵 ִµ, ϴ ºұ̻ Ǻұ ݴ غϰ ѱұ ̻() ȸ() ұ ִٰ Ѵ.
þμ
(ڦ) ݿ ö ־ Դ. ߱ ұ ʱ ߱ ұ ϱ (Գ) ü() () ƽþ ºұ ȥ ־ ȥ 밡 ݵ ִ. 츮 ϴ ü( substance) Ǵ Ӽ Ǵ ü( substratum) ϱ⸦ Ǿٰ Ѵ. μ ü ұ ʴ´. 츮 ڿл ƴ϶ ϻ Ŀ Ƶ ǿ ʴ ڴ . 17 ư ̷ Ǿ 츮 ڿ ƹ ü( substratum) 絵 . Ҹڵ Ǿ ְ Ҹڵ鵵 ٸ Ҹڵ ӿ 縦 ̾߱ 츮 ̴. ڴ ü Ӽ صǸ, ư Ӽ鵵 ٸ Ӽ κ 簡 صȴ. α ƶ߸̳ 常, ȥ(soul) ü Ǵ ü 縦 ž ϰ Ƶ ְ, 缼踦 ϴ ұ 츮 21 ڿ ü ü 縦 ̻ ̾߱ . ü Ǵ üμ ʴ´.
ϰ ִ ̱ п к öа 18 Ʋ ö ̺ (David Hume) ھ( Self ) 翡 Ǹ ġ л ִ ְ Ѵ. л п ھ Ǵ ȥ 縦 ϴ ö ġ ɽ ٷο ̴. ̱ε Ͽ ϴ 찡 , л̶ ؼ ʰ ֱ ̴. ھư ִٸ 츮 ȿ ڰ ǽ ȿ ̶鼭 ѹ ǽ 캸 ھƸ ãƺ Ѵ. 츮 ǽ ȿ ھƿ ĥ . ٸ ھ Ǵ ȥ 縦 ؾ ϴ°? ǰ Ǹ л Ȥ 巯 Ѵ. л ݷ Ѵ. ǽ ϴ ü ٷ ھ Ǵ ȥ( Ǵ )̶ Ѵ. κ л ǥ ٽ . ̳ ǻ ϴ л ݹ õѴ. ھ 翡 Ǵ ȯ Ű Ǹ, ϴ κ Ͻ Ѵٰ ϴ װ ð ٸ κ Űܰ Ѵٰ Ѵ. ᱹ Һ ھ 븦 ã ٴ ̴. ǻ л ǻ ڱ (self-monitoring) 鼭 ǽ ϴ ǽ ִٰ ؼ ھ() ȥ(?) 縦 ϴ ƴ϶ Ѵ. ڱ ٸ ɿ ִٰ Ѵ. ڱ (captain) ٲپ ٴ ϸ ̴. ִٰ ؼ ̲ ĸƾ ʿ䰡 , ڱ ִٰ ؼ װ ϴ ü(, ) ݵ ־ . ̷ ݹ ϴ л ڱ ϸ鼭 縦 ϴ ǿܶ Ѵ. Ѵ.
ü ü ʴ´ٸ (ڦ) ̾߱ϴµ ״ ִٰ ʴ´. 츮 ǽ پ (state) ȭϰ ְ ̷ µ ƹ ں ̸µ ȿ ǽ µ ֱ ̰ڴ. ȿ ǽ µ () ؼ ο Ǵ ڼ() ִٰ . ұ () ߳ Ӹ ƴ϶ (ڦ) dzο ְ ִ ° پ ǽ ¸ ִٴ ̾߱ ħ DZ ̴. پ ǽ µ ϴ þμ ڴٰ Ѵ. ħϸ ¼()ϴ ǽ ·μ , ԼҸ (ǽ) , (ǽ) ´ ٸ, 츮 ̶ ܾ پ ǽ µ 쿡 ְڴ. ̿ ̶ þ ̴. , ѹ ̵ ǽĻ° Ŀ ϰ ( () ߳) ұϰ پ ǽ ° Ű ͵̶ ̵ ΰ ãҰ ϰ ִٰ Ƶ ϰڴ. Ǵ ڼ üμ , ϰ ִ پ ǽ µ ִ þμ ϸ װ͵ ħ Ǹ ֵ ϴ.
̹ ̿ ϴ ºұ̻п ϸ ü Ǵ üμ ̶ þ Ű پ ǽ Ǵ ǽ 帧 Ű ̴. 츮 װͿ شǴ 缼迡 ִٰ ϰ Ѵ. 信 缺(reality) ΰؼ ü Ƶ̴ üȭ Ǵ ȭ(reification) ϴ ̴. ̷ ħ Ϻ ʱұ ڵ Ǻұڵ ϰ ۿ . ü ƴ϶ پ ǽ µ Ű ̸μ þμ Ƶ Ѵ. ̿ (٣) ؼϸ Ѵٴ ü ʿ䰡 ƶ߸̳ ȥ ִٴ Ͱ 缺 ο . Ű پ ǽ µ ϸ ڼ ()ϱ , ħ ұ ٸ ĵ ȿ ڿ ̴. ̶ , װͿ ü̳ ̻ 缺 ϱ⸸ ϸ, ° ұ dz ָ鼭 ħ ȿ ִ ְڴ. ºұ̶̻ а Ǻұ ұ ܴ īο Į η߸ ִٰ Ѵ.
ѱ ȸ()ұ Ͽ
ǥ < , ں> κп ұ ҽ ٰ ν ()ұ ()ұ ں ־ ٺ ̰ ٴ ̷ ߴ. ں õ϶ ״ ħ ־ ȸϰ ȭ ̷ٴ . ̿ ° ħ ؼϸ鼭 ̻ ־ ° 뿡 ġ Ҽ ״ () () () ħ 弱 ̷ ߴ. ڸ ħ ״ ⺻ ħ ִ Ʈ ٸ κе ̶ ̴. ºұ̻ ؼ ѱұ ̻() ȸ()ұ ϴ ̶ , ̷ ȸұ Ϻ Ǻұ Ȥ غϸ ұİ ȭ() ̷ ִٰ Ѵ.
* ȫâ ?б öа п . ̱ б п öа . öйڻ. ̱ ̳Ÿָб öа .
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