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Kishore Rao
deputy director
UNESCO World Heritage Centre (CLT/WHC)
¾È³çÇϽʴϱî?
¼¼°èÀÇ ¹®ÈÀ¯»êÀ» º¸Á¸ÇÏ·¯ ¾Ö¾²´Â UNESCO World Heritage CentreÀÇ Kishore Rao »ç¹«ÃÑÀåÀÇ ³ë·Â¿¡ Á¸°æ°ú °æÀǸ¦ º¸³À´Ï´Ù.
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Kishore Rao
deputy director
UNESCO World Heritage Centre (CLT/WHC)
Dear Mr. Rao,
Greetings,
I pay my respect for your effort at the UNESCO¡¡World Heritage Center as a deputy director to preserve cultural heritages around the world.
I am Hwang Pyung woo, a civil activist for preservation of cultural heritages in Korea.
I am in charge of Cultural Heritage Policy Research Institute in Korea, working to adequately preserve and protect cultural heritages that are being damaged by excessive developments and wrong policies.
In the past years, my colleagues and I have produces many positive results while developing civil movement to preserve cultural heritages.
However, recently, incidents that can have critical effect on world heritages in Korea have occurred, which shows the insensitivity of Korean government or the organs of government, such as Cultural Heritage Administration, regarding developments that damage world heritages.
1. There will be a 55-meter-tall building within 200 meters of Jongmyo,
Throughout much of traditional Asian culture, including China and Korea, rite has been highly important, and in modern society preserving rite carries with it the meaning of maintaining basic social order. There are a number of rituals which are considered important forms of rite, and the most significant of these in Korea are the Jongmyo and the Sajik rituals. Jongmyo is the term used for a place where memorial services are performed for deceased kings, and Sajik is the term for a place where services for the Gods of Earth and Crops are performed. These rituals are symbols for nations themselves in that they guarantee order and successful ruling of the nation.
Consequently, due to the importance of these rituals, the Jongmyo and Sajik shrines where the rituals are performed are classic in their architectural grace, detail and beauty.
Although such facilities existed in Korea as early as the Three Kingdoms Period, those that remain today in Seoul are from the Joseon Dynasty(1392-1910).
The first Jongmyo of the dynasty was erected in Seoul in 1395, and the main hall, Jeongjeon, contained 7 rooms, One room was used for the memorial tablets of one king and his queen. The 4th king of the dynasty, King Sejong, had an additional hall, Yeongnyeongjeon(Hall of Eternal comfort), built beside the main hall to house all of the tablets which could not be housed in the main hall. With successive reigns and an increasingly large number of memorial tablets, however, additions had to be made to the facilities.
Rooms were added from west to east until there ware a total of 19. The original Jongmyo, however, was destroyed in 1592, and today's Jongmyo was built in 1608. Jongmyo was located to the left of the main palace, Gyeongbokgung, and Sajik was built to the right (as viewed from the king's throne), a tradition of planning which goes back to ancient China. The main hill of the Jongmyo complex is called Yeungbong, and from it a number of smaller hills extend southward until they encompass the Jongmyo compound of the Jeongjeon, Yeongnyeongjeon and other auxiliary buildings. They were built according to terrain, however, and in totality they appear to the modern eye not to be very balanced in distribution. Jeongjeon is comprised of 19 identical rooms, and they are extremely simple with no ornamentation. However, the building as a whole is both grand and impressive, and the twenty thick, round pillars sufficiently project the dignity and grandeur of royalty. In front of Jeongjeon is an impressive 150-meter-long, 100-meter-wide elevated stone yard called Woldae which is used during ceremonies by musicians, dancers and other participants. The large stone blocks which compose the yard provide a striking and solemn atmosphere as they lay in silence before Jeongjeon, and the yard greatly complements the architecture. The Jongmyo ritual itself has been designated an Important Intangible Cultural Property by the government not only for its historical importance but for the splendor of the music, dance and ceremony.
Occurrence of Risk Factor : The city of Seoul, the biggest local government in Korea, has pushed ahead with construction of 55-meter-tall building within 200 meters of Jongmyo, Royal Ancestral Shrine, and even Cultural Heritage Administration has approved. It is not one single 55-meter-tall building we are concerned about, but the fact that about twenty of these sky scrappers will form a colony in front of Jongmyo, a world heritage. If this happens, the architectural, historical and cultural value of Jongmyo will be lost.
2. The World Heritage Youngneung is in danger for the construction of Yeojoo Dam.
During the Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910) 119 tombs were constructed within the Republic of Korea. Each tomb is designated neung, won or myo depending on the royal status. Of these, 40 were royal tombs for Joseon Dynasty kings and their consorts (and there are a further 2 located in DPR Korea).
The tombs were built to honour the memory of ancestors, to show respect for their achievements, to assert royal authority, to protect ancestral spirits from evil and to provide protection from vandalism. A royal tomb was a sacred place where the deceased could “live” in the afterlife amidst dynasty-protecting ancestral spirits.
There are three keys to understanding the royal tombs: the topography of the site and the layout of the tomb; the types of burial mounds, the sites’ associated structures and the nature and aesthetic qualities of site-specific stone objects; and the rites associated with the burials as well as extant documents that verify the construction process.
During the Joseon Dynasty, sites were chosen according to pungsu (fengshui in Chinese) principles. Accordingly, outstanding natural sites were chosen, which were mainly along two mountain chains stretching to the north and south of the Han River that flows through present-day Seoul. The burial mounds, the “heart” of a royal burial ground, were usually placed in the middle of a hillside. Protected from the back, they face outward (to the south) toward water and, ideally, toward layers of mountain ridges in the far distance.
Royal Graveyard Divided into Three Areas: Burial, Ceremonial, and Entrance Areas
The burial chamber was located at the point where propitious energies are said to be concentrated and it was fortified with a dirt covering, creating the mound. With a low, curving wall and knoll at the back, energy is further directed toward the burial chamber.
In addition to the burial area, royal tombs consist of a ceremonial area and an entrance area, and each area has a different function and symbolic meaning. The burial area is the sacred place of the dead and it contains an open, grassy area, the burial mound and a spirit road that descends to a T-shaped shrine. The shrine is the centre of the ceremonial area and it is here that ancestral rites are conducted to symbolise the meeting of the living and the dead. The shrine is linked by a worship road to a red-spiked gate, the main entrance to the royal graveyard.
The entrance area, itself, lies beyond the gate and it contains the forbidden stream with a stone bridge, the house of the tomb keeper and additional buildings used for ceremonial preparations. The separation of the living and the dead is further symbolised by the nature of the roads: the chamdo, the worship road, links the main gate to the shrine and is shared by the living and the dead, while the sindo, the spirit road, links the shrine to the burial mound and is used solely by the dead.
Architectural Values Blended with Tangible and Documentary Heritage
The layout described above generally follows the layout prescribed as part of the Confucian ritual system. However, variation is found in the number and placement of burial mounds within a site, and this is categorised as follows:
¡à Tombs with a single mound
¡à Tombs with twin mounds
¡à Tombs with three parallel mounds
¡à Tombs with a joint burial mound for the king and queen
¡à Tombs with double mounds on separate hills
¡à Tombs with vertically placed double mounds
In addition to the burial mounds, associated buildings are an integral part of the royal tombs: the T-shaped wooden shrine (jeongjagak), where ancestral tablets are kept and royal ancestral rites performed; the stele shed, which protects the tomb stele; the royal kitchen, where food for the royal ancestral rites is prepared; the guards’ house, located southeast of the T-shaped shrine and facing the kitchen; the red-spiked gate (hongsalmun), which marks the beginning of the worship road at the southern end of the tomb area, signifying entry to the sacred realm; and the tomb keeper’s house (jaesil), where ritual equipment is kept and overall preparations are made for royal ancestral rites.
Royal tombs are adorned on the outside with a range of stone objects, including ceremonial artifacts and figures of people and animals that are placed around, and in front of, the grave mound. All serve the purpose of wishing the interred a peaceful afterlife.
Around the burial mound, on the upper platform (sanggye), a 12-angled retaining stone protects and decorates the mound. A stone fence, slightly further out, encircles the mound, and outside of this fence pairs of stone sheep and tigers face outward, their backs to the mound. Further out, a low wall shelters the components on three sides. At the open side, and in front of the mound, there is a stone table on which spirits can play. And to the right and the left of the table are stone watch pillars.
In the middle platform (junggye), a four- or eight-sided stone lantern is found in the middle with two civil servants and their horses, both in stone, nearby. In the lower platform (hagye), two military officials and their horses, in stone, are found.
The ancestral rites associated with the royal tombs are considered sacrosanct. They were practiced until the late Joseon period and into the short period of the Daehan Empire (late 19th-early 20th century). Under Japanese colonial rule and during the Korean War, they were stopped, but revived afterwards (1966) as a means to preserve the ritual practices associated with the Joseon Dynasty. Sites were chosen for their proximity to the capital, Seoul, which reflects the need for kings to have close access to their fathers’ graves in order to pay due respect and honour.
In the Joseon Dynasty there were two categories of rites: funeral rites (hyungnye) and auspicious rites (gillye). The royal tomb was constructed during the process of hyungnye. The rules for performing these ceremonies are called The Five Rites, which are detailed in two books: the “Five Rites” chapter of Sejong Sillok (Annals of King Sejong) and Gukjo Oryeui (Five Rites of the State, which was published during the reign of King Seongjong). When conducting the funeral of his father, the new king followed the procedures specified in the books.
In addition to the two books, palace scholars produced three different kinds of documents to mark the sacredness of the royal ancestry and magnify the departed king’s legacy: sillok (annals); uigwe (records of state events); and neungji (tomb records).
Occurence of Risk Factor : Yeojoo dam will be constructed 700 meters out of Youngneung, the tomb of Chosun dynasty's greatest king, King Sejoung. According to feng sui, Youngneung is also considered to be most auspiciously located among all Chosun Royal tombs that are designated as world heritages. If Yeojoo Dam is filled with water, the world heritage Youngneung will be only 30 meters apart from the water.
If this happens, a large amount of water may sink under the tomb which can have harmful effect on Youngneung, and the fog created due to filling of water stone figures of Chosun royal tomb would be damaged.
Korean government and Cultural Heritage Administration are claiming that these projects are safe without performing a proper assessment of risk.
Thus, world heritages in Korea, Jongmyo and a Chosun royal tomb, are in serious danger due to various development plans and subsequent lackadaisical responses of the government. What is worse is that even some experts are defending the government's position.
Therefore, I an earnestly asking the UNESCO¡¡World Heritage Centre to send Investigation committe to perform a thorough inspection of the scene and predict potential future damages.
I hope to communicate on the details of the issue through future discussions.
2010. 07. 14.
Cultural Heritage Policy Research Institute
Head Chief : Hwang Pyung woo